Eczema is a group of conditions that cause the skin to become red, itchy, and inflamed. It affects people of all ages and can occur anywhere on the body. The condition often presents as cycles of flares, where symptoms intensify, and remissions, where skin improves. These fluctuating patterns can disrupt daily life, including sleep and normal activities.
What Is Eczema?
Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder. The primary feature is a compromised skin barrier, which impairs the skin’s ability to retain moisture and defend against irritants and allergens. Common symptoms include:
- Dry, Sensitive Skin: The skin may be rough or dehydrated.
- Intense Itching: Scratching tends to worsen inflammation.
- Red, Inflamed Patches: Affected skin appears swollen or discolored.
- Scaly Patches: Persistent scratching can lead to thickened skin.
- Crusty Bumps or Ooze: Fluid-filled bumps may break open and form crusts in severe cases.
- Noticable Swelling: Swelling may accompany inflamed skin.
Symptoms tend to vary by age. In infants, eczema frequently appears on the face and limbs. In children and adults, it is commonly seen behind the knees and around the hands and feet.
What Triggers It?
Eczema flares are caused by immune system reactions that respond to different triggers. Recognizing and avoiding these triggers is central to controlling symptoms, potentially preventing flare-ups. Common triggers include:
- Environmental Irritants: Substances like soaps and cleaning products with harsh chemicals or fragrances can provoke flares. Fabrics such as wool may also irritate the skin.
- Allergens: Allergies play a role in some individuals. Exposure to pollen, mold, or foods may lead to immune responses that trigger eczema.
- Climate and Temperature: Environmental factors, such as dry air, dry out the skin, making it more prone to eczema symptoms. High heat and humidity cause sweating, which can trigger itching or worsen existing symptoms.
While stress does not directly cause eczema, it can lead to symptom flare-ups. The release of hormones during periods of emotional stress may alter immune responses and lead to increased inflammation of the skin.
How Can It Be Managed?
Eczema management combines lifestyle adjustments, skincare routines, and medical treatments with the aim of relieving symptoms and minimizing future flares. A consistent skincare routine is key. Bathing should be done in lukewarm water for short periods, accompanied by gentle cleansers. Ointments and creams are generally preferred for moisture retention.
Over-the-counter hydrocortisone creams may help with mild to moderate inflammation and itching. More persistent or severe cases require medical care, which can include stronger topical corticosteroids or biologic therapies. In some situations, a regimen of immunosuppressants may be suggested.
Meet With an Allergy Specialist
If eczema remains uncontrolled or severe, consulting an allergy specialist or immunologist can provide a broader evaluation. Allergy specialists have expertise in diagnosing and managing immune-related conditions, including eczema. Specialists may conduct patch testing to find contact allergens or use skin prick tests to identify specific environmental or food triggers. Once triggers are determined, a tailored plan to avoid them can be developed. This approach limits future flares and improves management.